Pearls & Oy-sters: paroxysmal ocular tilt reaction.

Pearls and oy-sters of localization in ophthalmoparesis.

Ocular misalignment and ophthalmoparesis result in the symptom of binocular diplopia. In the evaluation of diplopia, localization of the ocular motility disorder is the main objective. This requires a systematic approach and knowledge of the ocular motor pathways and actions of the extraocular muscles. This article reviews the components of the ocular motor pathway and presents helpful tools fo...

Pearls & Oy-sters: Positional vertigo and vertical nystagmus in medulloblastoma: A picture is worth a thousand words.

Pearls c Eye movement abnormalities can be helpful with topical localization. c Vertical nystagmus (downbeat and upbeat nystagmus) is typically caused by posterior fossa lesions. Other causes include medication side effects, vitamin deficiencies, inflammatory and autoimmune/paraneoplastic conditions, and hereditary and degenerative cerebellar ataxias. c Lesions in the posterior fossa such as me...

Pearls & oy-sters: cerebral venous air embolism after central catheter removal: too much air can kill.

Pearls & Oy-sters: cough headache secondary to Chiari malformation type I.

Pearls & oy-sters: oval pupil: two observations.

The presence of an oval pupil usually localizes the neurologic problem to the midbrain.